Last modified by Kilight Cao on 2024/05/18 17:19
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10 **Table of Contents:**
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12 {{toc/}}
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20
21 = 1. Introduction =
22
23 == 1.1 What is the DLOS8N ==
24
25
26 (((
27 The DLOS8N is an** (% style="color:blue" %)open source outdoor LoRaWAN Gateway(%%)**(% style="color:blue" %). (%%)It lets you bridge LoRa wireless network to an IP network via WiFi, Ethernet, 3G or 4G cellular. The LoRa wireless allows users to send data and reach extremely long ranges at low data-rates.
28 )))
29
30 (((
31 DLOS8N supports (% style="color:blue" %)**Semtech packet forwarder** (%%)and (% style="color:blue" %)**LoRaWAN Station connection**, (%%)it is fully compatible with LoRaWAN protocol. DLOS8N includes a (% style="color:blue" %)**SX1302 LoRaWAN concentrator.**
32 )))
33
34 (((
35 DLOS8N has (% style="color:blue" %)**pre-configured standard LoRaWAN frequency bands** (%%)to use for different countries.User can also customize the frequency bands to use in their own LoRaWAN network.
36 )))
37
38 (((
39 DLOS8N can communicate with ABP LoRaWAN end node without LoRaWAN server. System integrator can use it to integrate with their existing IoT Service without set up own LoRaWAN server or use 3rd party LoRaWAN service.
40 )))
41
42 (((
43 DLOS8N supports (% style="color:blue" %)**auto-provision** (%%) for mass deployment and long term maintain. System intergrator can easily change the settings.
44
45
46 )))
47
48 [[image:1652411526195-923.png||height="494" width="731"]]
49
50
51 == 1.2 Specifications ==
52
53
54 (((
55 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Hardware System:**
56 )))
57
58 (((
59 (((
60 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Linux Part:**
61 )))
62 )))
63
64 * 400Mhz ar9331 processor
65 * 64MB RAM
66 * 16MB Flash
67
68 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Interface:**
69
70 * 10M/100M RJ45 Ports x 1
71 * WiFi : 802.11 b/g/n
72 * LoRaWAN Wireless
73 * Power Input: 12 ~~ 24 V DC, 2 A
74 * IEEE 802.3 af compliant PoE port (DC 37  ~~ 57 v)
75 * USB 2.0 host connector x 1
76 * Mini-PCI E connector x 1
77 * SX1302 + 2 x SX1250
78
79 (% style="color:#037691" %)**WiFi Spec:**
80
81 * IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
82 * Frequency Band: 2.4 ~~ 2.462GHz
83 * Tx power:
84 ** 11n tx power : mcs7/15: 11db     mcs0 : 17db
85 ** 11b tx power: 18db
86 ** 11g 54M tx power: 12db
87 ** 11g 6M tx power: 18db
88 * Wifi Sensitivity
89 ** 11g 54M : -71dbm
90 ** 11n 20M : -67dbm
91
92 (% style="color:#037691" %)**LoRa Spec:**
93
94 * Up to -140 dBm sensitivity with SX1250 Tx/Rx front-end
95 * 70 dB CW interferer rejection at 1 MHz offset
96 * Able to operate with negative SNR, CCR up to 9dB
97 * 8 x 8 channels LoRa packet detectors,8 x SF5-SF12 LoRa demodulators,8 x SF5-SF10 LoRa demodulators,125/250/500 kHz LoRa demodulator and 1 x (G)FSK demodulator
98 * Dual digital TX & RX radio front-end interfaces
99 * 10 programmable parallel demodulation paths
100 * Dynamic data-rate (DDR) adaptation
101 * True antenna diversity or simultaneous dual-band operation
102
103 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Cellular 4G LTE (optional):**
104
105 * Quectel: [[**EC25 LTE module**>>url:https://www.quectel.com/product/ec25minipcie.htm]]
106 * Standard Size SIM Slot
107 * 2 x 4G Sticker Antenna.
108 * Up to 150Mbps downlink and 50Mbps uplink data rates
109 * Worldwide LTE,UMTS/HSPA+ and GSM/GPRS/EDGE coverage
110 * MIMO technology meets demands for data rate and link reliability in modem wireless communication systems
111
112 (% style="color:#037691" %)**Power over Ethernet:**
113
114 * IEEE 802.3af compliant.
115 * Support wide input voltage range  37Vdc to 57Vdc.
116 * Thermal cut off.
117 * Short circuit protection.
118 * Over current protection
119 * Isolation level 4 KVrms.
120 * Enhanced surge protection
121
122 == 1.3 Features ==
123
124
125 * Open Source Embedded Linux system
126 * Managed by Web GUI, SSH via LAN or WiFi
127 * Support Semtech UDP packet forwarder
128 * Support LoRaWAN Station Connection
129 * Support MQTTS
130 * Cellular Failover conntection(option)
131 * Direct Communication to LoRaWAN ABP Node
132 * LoRaWAN packet filtering
133 * Far seeing LED indicator
134 * Built-in GPS module for location & timing
135 * External fiber glass antenna
136 * Auto-Provision
137 * Remote Monitoring
138 * 802.3af PoE
139 * IP65
140 * Lighting Protection
141 * Power Consumption:12v ,300-500mA
142 * Operating Temperature： -20~~85°C
143
144 == 1.4 Hardware System Structure ==
145
146
147 [[image:image-20220907154423-1.png]]
148
149
150 == 1.5 DLOS8N Applications ==
151
152
153 [[image:image-20220916144221-26.png]]
154
155
156 == 1.6 LED Indicators ==
157
158
159 [[image:1652411720670-489.png]]
160
161
162 There is a waterproof triple color LED on DLOS8N enclosure, the meaning of the LED is:
163
164 (((
165 (((
166 * (((
167 (% style="color:green" %)**SOLID GREEN**: (% style="color:black" %)DLOS8N is alive with LoRaWAN server connection.
168 )))
169 )))
170
171 * (((
172 (% style="color:green" %)**BLINKING GREEN**:(% style="color:black" %) a) Device has internet connection but no LoRaWAN Connection.  or b) Device is in booting stage, in this stage, it will (% style="color:green" %)**BLINKING GREEN**(% style="color:black" %) for several seconds and then (% style="color:red" %)**RED** (% style="color:black" %)and (% style="color:#ffc000" %)**YELLOW** (% style="color:black" %)will blink together.
173 )))
174 * (((
175 (% style="color:red" %)**SOLID RED**: (% style="color:black" %)Device doesn't have Internet connection.
176
177
178
179 )))
180 )))
181
182 == 1.7 Button Instruction ==
183
184
185 DLOS8N has a black toggle button, which is:
186
187
188 (% style="color:blue" %)**//➢ //Long press 4-5s:                     **(%%)the gateway will reload the Network and Initialize wifi configuration
189
190 **LED status: ** LED will BLINKING GREEN Until the reload is finished.
191
192
193 (% style="color:blue" %)**➢ Long press more than 30s:    **(%%)the gateway will restart and restore factory settings.
194
195 **LED status: ** When the user releases the button, the LED will TURN OFF.
196
197
198 == 1.8 WiFi Direction ==
199
200
201 DLOS8N use directional WiFi Antenna. The best direction is as below:
202
203 [[image:1652412859663-161.png||height="341" width="333"]]
204
205
206 = 2. Access and Configure DLOS8N =
207
208
209 The DLOS8N is configured as a WiFi Access Point by default. User can access and configure the DLOS8N after connecting to its WiFi network, or via its Ethernet port.
210
211
212 == 2.1 Find IP address of DLOS8N ==
213
214 === 2.1.1 Connect via WiFi ===
215
216
217 [[image:1652412985720-934.png]]
218
219
220 At the first boot of DLOS8N, it will auto generate a WiFi network called (% style="color:green" %)**//dragino-xxxxxx //**(% style="color:black" %)with password:
221
222 [[image:1652413127647-377.png]]
223
224
225 (% style="background-color:yellow" %) **dragino+dragino**
226
227 (((
228 User can use a PC to connect to this WiFi network. The PC will get an IP address 10.130.1.xxx and the DLOS8N has the default IP (% style="color:green" %)**10.130.1.1**
229
230
231 )))
232
233 === 2.1.2 Connect via Ethernet with DHCP IP from router ===
234
235
236 [[image:1652414114583-532.png]]
237
238
239 (((
240 (((
241 Alternatively, connect the DLOS8N Ethernet port to your router and DLOS8N will obtain an IP address from your router. In the router's management portal, you should be able to find what IP address the router has assigned to the DLOS8N. You can also use this IP to connect.
242 )))
243
244
245 )))
246
247 === 2.1.3 Connect via WiFi with DHCP IP from router ===
248
249
250 [[image:1652414137639-956.png]]
251
252
253 If the DLOS8N already connect to the router via WiFi, use can use the WiFi IP to connect to DLOS8N.
254
255
256 === 2.1.4 Connect via Ethernet with fall back ip ===
257
258
259 (((
260 The WAN port also has a [[fall back ip address>>||anchor="H11.3IconfiguredDLOS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F"]] for access if user doesn't connect to uplink router. Click [[here>>||anchor="H11.3IconfiguredDLOS8NforWiFiaccessandlostitsIP.Whattodonow3F"]] to see how to configure.
261 )))
262
263
264 == 2.2 Access Configure Web UI ==
265
266
267 **Web Interface**
268
269 Open a browser on the PC and type the DLOS8N ip address (depends on your connect method)
270
271 [[http:~~/~~/10.130.1.1/>>url:http://10.130.1.1/]] (Access via WiFi AP network)
272
273 or
274
275 http:~/~/IP_ADDRESS or [[http:~~/~~/ IP_ADDRESS:8000>>url:http://192.168.1.xx:8000]]
276
277
278 You will see the login interface of DLOS8N as shown below.
279
280 The account details for Web Login are:
281
282 (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**User Name: root**
283
284 (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Password:   dragino**
285
286
287 [[image:1652414287022-223.png]]
288
289
290 = 3. Typical Network Setup =
291
292 == 3.1 Overview ==
293
294
295 The DLOS8N supports flexible network set up for different environments. This section describes the typical network topology. The network set up includes:
296
297 * **WAN Port Internet Mode**
298 * **WiFi Client Mode**
299 * **WiFi AP Mode**
300 * **Cellular Mode**
301
302 == 3.2 Use WAN port to access Internet ==
303
304
305 (((
306 By default, the DLOS8N is set to use the WAN port to connect to an upstream network. When you connect the DLOS8N's WAN port to an upstream router, DLOS8N will get an IP address from the router and have Internet access via the upstream router. The network status can be checked in the (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**home page**:
307 )))
308
309 [[image:image-20220916112129-1.png||height="414" width="887"]]
310
311
312 == 3.3 Access the Internet as a WiFi Client ==
313
314
315 (((
316 In the WiFi Client Mode, DLOS8N acts as a WiFi client and gets DHCP from an upstream router via WiFi.
317 )))
318
319 (((
320 (((
321 The settings for WiFi Client is under page (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**System~-~-> WiFi ~-~-> WiFi WAN Client Settings**
322 )))
323 )))
324
325 [[image:image-20220916142159-25.png||height="406" width="877"]](% style="display:none" %)
326
327 (((
328 In the WiFi Survey Choose the WiFi AP, and input the Passphrase then click Save & Apply to connect.
329
330
331 )))
332
333 == 3.4 Access the Internet via Cellular ==
334
335
336 (((
337 If the DLOS8N support 3G/4G Cellular modem option, When the label on the shell is displayed as Model : DLOS8N-EC25, it indicates that DLOS8 already has EC25 3G/4G modules,user can use it as main internet connection or back up.
338 )))
339
340 (((
341 (((
342 First, release the four screws of DLOS8N, pull out PCB and install SIM card as below:
343
344
345 )))
346 )))
347
348 [[image:1652420606018-181.png]]
349
350
351 (((
352 [[image:1652420718132-929.png||height="427" width="727"]]
353
354
355 )))
356
357 (((
358 The set up page is (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**System ~-~-> Cellular**
359
360
361 )))
362
363 (((
364 While use the cellular as Backup WAN, device will use Cellular for internet connection while WAN port or WiFi is not valid and switch back to WAN port or WiFi after they recover.
365 )))
366
367 (((
368 [[image:image-20220916141840-23.png||height="357" width="870"]](% style="display:none" %)
369
370
371 )))
372
373 (% style="color:red" %)**Note** ***: For DLOS8N which doesn’t have the cellular module, this page will shows Cellular not detected.**
374
375
376 == 3.5 Check Internet connection ==
377
378
379 In the (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**home**(%%) page, we can check the Internet connection.
380
381 * GREEN Tick ​​​​ [[image:1652436675869-206.png||height="14" width="15"]] : This interface has Internet connection.
382 * Yellow  Tick  [[image:1652436705761-420.png||height="15" width="15"]] : This interface has IP address but don't use it for internet connection.
383 * RED Cross    [[image:1652436787176-950.png||height="14" width="15"]] : This interface doesn't connected.
384
385 [[image:image-20220916112620-2.png||height="384" width="872"]](% style="display:none" %)
386
387
388 = 4. Example: Configure as a LoRaWAN gateway =
389
390
391 (((
392 DLOS8N is fully compatible with LoRaWAN protocol. It uses the legacy Semtech Packet forwarder to forward the LoRaWAN packets to server. The structure is as below.
393 )))
394
395 (((
396 [[image:image-20220513140429-1.png||height="565" width="824"]]
397 )))
398
399 This chapter describes how to use the DLOS8Nto work with
400
401 TheThingsNetwork v3(TTN v3)[[ LoRaWAN Server>>url:https://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]]  ([[www.thethingsnetwork.org>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]])
402
403
404 == 4.1 Create a gateway in TTN V3 Server ==
405
406
407 (((
408 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1: Get a Unique gateway ID.**
409 )))
410
411 (((
412 (((
413 Every DLOS8N has a unique gateway id. The ID can be found at LoRaWAN page:
414 )))
415 )))
416
417 (((
418 [[image:image-20220916141633-22.png||height="706" width="868"]]
419 )))
420
421 The example gateway id is: (% style="color:green" %)**a840411e96744154**
422
423
424 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2: Sign up a user account in TTN server**
425
426
427 [[**https:~~/~~/account.thethingsnetwork.org/register**>>url:https://account.thethingsnetwork.org/register]]
428
429 [[image:1652422127479-258.png||height="346" width="738"]]
430
431
432 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 3: Choose the TTNv3 Cluster Picker**
433
434
435 (((
436 [[image:1652422142236-792.png||height="356" width="737"]]
437
438
439 )))
440
441 (% style="color:red" %)**Note: Choose the cluster corresponds to a specific Gateway server address**
442
443
444 * Europe 1 (% style="color:red" %)corresponding Gateway server address: (% style="color:black" %)eu1.cloud.thethings.network
445 * North America 1 (% style="color:red" %)corresponding Gateway server address:** **(% style="color:black" %)nam1.cloud.thethings.network
446 * Australia 1 (% style="color:red" %)corresponding Gateway server address:** **(% style="color:black" %)au1.cloud.thethings.network
447 * Legacy V2 Console : (% style="color:red" %)TTN v2 shuts down in December 2021
448
449 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 4: Create a Gateway**
450
451
452 [[image:1652422440891-514.png||height="360" width="747"]]
453
454 Click the Gateway icon and then click Add gateway.
455
456
457 Open the following page:
458
459 [[image:1657089352139-443.png]]
460
461
462 [[image:1657089363403-611.png]]
463
464
465 (((
466 (% style="color:red" %)**Notice: Gateway Server address must match the gateway configuration, otherwise you will have problem for End Node to join the network.**
467
468
469 )))
470
471 After creating the gateway, you can see the gateway info, as below.
472
473 [[image:1657089571089-281.png]]
474
475
476 == 4.2 Configure DLOS8N to connect to TTN v3 ==
477
478
479 (((
480 You can now configure the DLOS8N to let it connect to TTN network V3.
481 )))
482
483 (((
484 Make sure your DLOS8N has a working Internet Connection first.
485 )))
486
487 (((
488 Choose the right server provider and click (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**Save&Apply**
489 )))
490
491 [[image:1657089586062-302.png]]
492
493
494 (% style="color:red" %)**Note: The server address must match the Gateway server address you choose in TTN V3.**
495
496
497 In the home page, we can see the LoRaWAN connection is ready now.
498
499 [[image:image-20220916113405-3.png||height="388" width="862"]]
500
501
502 In TTN v3 portal, we can also see the gateway is connected.
503
504 [[image:1657089753667-298.png]]
505
506
507 == 4.3 Configure frequency ==
508
509
510 (((
511 We also need to set the frequency plan in DLOS8N to match the end node we use, so to receive the LoRaWAN packets from the LoRaWAN sensor.
512 )))
513
514 [[image:1652422737399-529.png||height="362" width="737"]]
515
516
517 In logread page, user can check the frequency actually used.
518
519 [[image:1652422763536-750.png||height="514" width="730"]]
520
521
522 == (% data-sider-select-id="5bc80c23-9f00-4475-8de0-dc684ffabb7d" %)4.4 Add a LoRaWAN End Device(%%) ==
523
524
525 (((
526 This section shows how to add a LoRaWAN End device to a LoRaWAN network and see the data from TTN web site.
527 )))
528
529 (((
530 We use [[LT-22222-L>>url:http://www.dragino.com/products/lora-lorawan-end-node/item/156-lt-22222-l.html]] IO Controller as a reference device - the setup for other LoRaWAN devices will be similar.
531 )))
532
533 [[image:1652422794767-871.png]]
534
535 (((
536 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 1**: (%%)Create a Device definition in TTN v3 with the OTAA keys from the example LT-22222-L IO Controller device.
537 )))
538
539 (((
540 Three codes are required to define the device in TTN v3:
541 )))
542
543 * **DEV EUI** - Unique ID code for a particular device.
544 * **APP EUI** - ID code for an Application defined in TTN v3.
545 * **APP Key** - Unique key to secure communications with a particular device.
546
547 (((
548
549
550 (((
551 A set of these codes are stored in each device by the manufacturer as the default codes for that particular device. Each device is shipped with a sticker with the default Device EUI as shown below.
552 )))
553 )))
554
555 [[image:1652422840936-838.png]]
556
557
558 (((
559 (% style="color:red" %)**Note: You may be able to change these codes in a device by using a configuration facility on the device e.g. the LT-22222 uses a serial port access and a series of AT commands.  Changing the codes may be necessary in the case where you have to use codes assigned by a LoRa WAN server.**
560
561
562 )))
563
564 (((
565 For the TTN v3 server, you can use the codes set in the device as in the following example.
566 )))
567
568 (((
569 Select **Add Application** to open the screen below.
570 )))
571
572
573 [[image:1657089795213-689.png]]
574
575 Open the **Application **select** Add end device**
576
577
578 Start Register the end device
579
580 [[image:1657089816539-483.png]]
581
582 (((
583 Select OTAA activation mode
584
585
586 )))
587
588 (((
589 The LoRaWAN version for your device should be provided by the manufacturer in a datasheet as LoRaWAN version or LoRaWAN specification. The most commonly used LoRaWAN versions are v1.0.2 and v1.0.3.
590 )))
591
592 [[image:1657089833529-558.png]]
593
594
595
596 First, input the End device ID, AppEUI and DevEUI.
597
598 [[image:1657089845985-297.png]]
599
600
601
602 Secondly, choose the corresponding frequency and LoRaWAN class capabilities.
603
604
605 [[image:1657089868506-654.png]]
606
607
608 (((
609 Finally, Application layer settings input the corresponding AppKey. Before saving the configuration, check that the data matches the device.
610
611
612 )))
613
614 (((
615 (% style="color:blue" %)**Step 2**: (%%)Power on LT-22222-L device and it will automatically join the TTN network. After joining successfully, it will start to upload messages to the TTN v3. Select the Live data tab and you will see the data appearing in the panel.
616
617
618 )))
619
620 (((
621 (% style="color:red" %)**Note that it may take some time for the device data to appear in the TTN v3 display.**
622
623
624 )))
625
626 [[image:1657089884131-489.png]]
627
628
629 = 5. Web Configure Pages =
630
631 == 5.1 Home ==
632
633
634 Shows the system running status.
635
636 [[image:image-20220916113702-4.png||height="331" width="727"]]
637
638
639 == (% data-sider-select-id="f01d6e3f-c35d-47d2-9a33-65fdc9b3a72e" %)5.2 LoRa Settings(%%) ==
640
641 === 5.2.1 LoRa ~-~-> LoRa ===
642
643
644 (((
645 This page shows the LoRa Radio Settings. There are a set of default frequency band according to LoRaWAN protocol, and user can customized the band* as well.
646 )))
647
648 (((
649 Different DLOS8N hardware version can support different frequency range:
650 )))
651
652 * (% style="color:red" %)**868**(%%): valid frequency: 863Mhz ~~ 870Mhz. for bands EU868, RU864, IN865 or KZ865.
653 * (% style="color:red" %)**915**(%%): valid frequency: 902Mhz ~~ 928Mhz. for bands US915, AU915, AS923 or KR920
654
655 (((
656
657
658 After user choose the frequency plan, he can see the actually frequency in used by checking the page (% style="color:#037691" %)**LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log**
659 )))
660
661 [[image:image-20220916114014-5.png||height="429" width="930"]]
662
663 (% style="color:red" %)**Note *: [[See this instruction for how to customize frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
664
665
666 === 5.2.2 LoRa ~-~-> ABP Decryption ===
667
668
669 (((
670 The DLOS8N can communicate with LoRaWAN ABP End Node without the need of LoRaWAN server. It can be used in some cases such as:
671 )))
672
673 * No internet connection.
674 * User wants to get data forward in gateway and forward to their server based on MQTT/HTTP, etc. (Combine ABP communication method and [[MQTT forward together>>doc:Main.MQTT Forward Instruction.WebHome]]).
675
676 (((
677 Detail of this feature: **[[Communication with ABP End Node>>doc:Main.Communicate with ABP End Node without LoRaWAN Network Server --- LG308.WebHome]]**
678 )))
679
680 [[image:image-20220916114346-7.png||height="363" width="886"]]
681
682
683 == (% data-sider-select-id="e4f0e724-e454-4aa9-adc3-2d2fb381a93c" %)5.3 LoRaWAN Settings(%%) ==
684
685 === (% data-sider-select-id="46832cd3-1415-4286-a897-1fbda6ed3a2a" %)5.3.1 LoRaWAN ~-~-> Semtech UDP(%%) ===
686
687
688 This page is for the connection set up to a general LoRaWAN Network server such as: [[TTN>>url:http://www.thethingsnetwork.org/]], [[ChirpStack>>url:https://www.chirpstack.io/]] etc.
689
690 [[image:image-20240517101310-1.png||height="656" width="879"]]
691
692
693 (% style="color:red" %)**Note:**
694
695 ~*: User can ignore the latitude and longitude settings here, DLOS8N will use the actually value from GPS module.
696
697 ~**: Packet filter is to drop the unwanted LoRaWAN packet, instruction see here:
698
699 **See:** **[[Filter unwanted LoRaWAN packets>>doc:Main.Filter unwanted LoRaWAN packets.WebHome]]**
700
701
702 === 5.3.2 LoRaWAN ~-~-> Basic Station ===
703
704
705 [[image:image-20230415172432-1.png||height="461" width="868"]]
706
707 Introduction for the use of LoRaWAN Basic for different servers:
708
709 (((
710 * Introduction to using with [[AWS-IoT LoRaWAN Core>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/AWS%20IoT%20Core%20for%20LoRaWAN/]].
711 * Introduction to using with [[TTN>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20TTN/#H3.GatewayRegistrationforBasicsStation]].
712 * Introduction to using with [[ChirpStack>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H3.GatewayRegistrationforBasicsStation]].
713 * Introduction to using with [[Senet>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Connection%20to%20Senet/#H3.SemtechBasicStation]].
714 * Introduction to using with [[Actility Thingpark Enterprise>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Actility%20ThingPark%20Enterprise/]].
715
716
717 )))
718
719 === 5.3.3 LoRaWAN ~-~-> LORIOT ===
720
721
722 (((
723 Settings to communicate to LORIOT LoRaWAN Network Server: [[https:~~/~~/www.loriot.io/>>url:https://www.loriot.io/]]
724 )))
725
726 (((
727 Instruction: **[[Notes for LORIOT>>doc:Main.Notes for LORIOT.WebHome]]**
728 )))
729
730 [[image:image-20220916115143-9.png||height="314" width="858"]]
731
732
733 == (% data-sider-select-id="30ceca0a-d0e8-4382-ac5a-59bebcb19c51" %)5.4 MQTT Settings(%%) ==
734
735
736 If end nodes works in ABP mode, user can configure DLOS8N to transfer the data to MQTT broker,
737
738 Instruction: **[[MQTT Forward Instruction>>doc:Main.MQTT Forward Instruction.WebHome]]**
739
740 [[image:1657090037148-906.png]]
741
742
743 == 5.5  Network ==
744
745 === 5.5.1  Network ~-~-> Network Status ===
746
747
748 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419143226-2.png?width=950&height=742&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419143226-2.png"]]
749
750
751 (% data-sider-select-id="5ec9b41d-26fb-4b6f-8f48-4c2f2c564c53" %)
752 === 5.5.2  Network ~-~-> Network ===
753
754
755 (((
756 (% data-sider-select-id="80d07254-c65e-47a2-86b6-8e6220924c25" %)
757 (% data-sider-select-id="040776ba-bc4f-4586-9d1c-eb5b5c7f1e7d" style="color:#037691" %)**__LAN Settings:    __**(%%)When the DLOS8N has the AP enable, LAN settings specify the network info for DLOS8N's own network.
758 )))
759
760 (((
761 (% data-sider-select-id="d9954e50-7f68-4249-b699-61f53219fb57" %)
762 (% style="color:#037691" %)__**WAN Settings:  **__(%%)Setting for DLOS8N WAN port
763 )))
764
765 (((
766 (% data-sider-select-id="c87bbc6b-c98a-416d-a0a1-03f1ed827688" %)
767 (% style="color:#037691" %)__**WiFi Settings:  **__** **(%%)Setting for DLOS8N WiFi IP when use it as WiFi Client
768 )))
769
770 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419143347-3.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419143347-3.png"]]
771
772
773 === 5.5.3  Network ~-~-> WiFi ===
774
775
776 (% data-sider-select-id="9cc42c8b-0049-4b4b-b053-5aa0175dcdb7" %)
777 DLOS8N WiFi Settings.
778
779 (% data-sider-select-id="9cc42c8b-0049-4b4b-b053-5aa0175dcdb7" %)
780 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419143504-4.png?width=946&height=500&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419143504-4.png"]]
781
782
783 === 5.5.4  Network ~-~-> Cellular ===
784
785
786 While use the cellular as Backup WAN, device will use Cellular for internet connection while WAN port or WiFi is not valid and switch back to WAN port or WiFi after they recover.
787
788 (% data-sider-select-id="9cc42c8b-0049-4b4b-b053-5aa0175dcdb7" %)
789 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/1657155507672-204.png?rev=1.1||alt="1657155507672-204.png"]]
790
791 (% data-sider-select-id="9cc42c8b-0049-4b4b-b053-5aa0175dcdb7" %)
792 (% data-sider-select-id="1470493c-3c33-42a0-89eb-132d9554b028" %)**Note *: For DLOS8N which doesn't have the cellular module, this page will shows Cellular not detected.**
793
794
795 == (% data-sider-select-id="b34f40d0-e802-4e45-8a8c-6620e692699e" %)5.6 System(%%) ==
796
797 === (% data-sider-select-id="0d466e95-c71d-43c8-9e78-cc547eea894f" %)5.6.1 System ~-~-> System Overview(%%) ===
798
799
800 Shows the system info:
801
802 [[image:image-20220916133758-10.png||height="611" width="865"]]
803
804
805 === (% data-sider-select-id="dfb74220-f4d5-45ee-89d6-758b065fd447" %)5.6.2 System ~-~-> General ( login settings)(%%) ===
806
807
808 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419144019-5.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419144019-5.png"]]
809
810 (((
811
812
813 (% data-sider-select-id="be43359c-6dc0-4f21-a3e8-95fb8b9622d4" %)
814 There are two login for DLOS8N: (% style="color:blue" %)**root /dragino** (%%)or (% style="color:blue" %)**admin /dragino**. (%%)Both root and admin has the same right for WEB access. But root user has also the right to access via SSH to Linux system. admin only able to access WEB interface.
815 )))
816
817 (((
818 This page can be used to set the password for them.
819 )))
820
821 (((
822 (% style="color:#037691" %)**__Timezone:  __**(%%)Set device timezone.
823 )))
824
825 (((
826 (% data-sider-select-id="be6bdce7-110b-4367-bcd5-d176d288153e" %)
827 (% data-sider-select-id="31384c06-f8bc-420e-ba58-0a2d5916e600" style="color:#037691" %)**__Port forwarding:  __**(%%)Enable/Disable the HTTP and SSH access via WAN interface.
828
829 (% data-sider-select-id="0e3c0e0e-5796-4a1a-b3da-cdfc059c383d" %)
830 (% data-sider-select-id="31384c06-f8bc-420e-ba58-0a2d5916e600" style="color:#037691" %)**__Fallback Settings:  __**(%%)Enable/Disable the Fallback interface.
831
832 (% data-sider-select-id="31384c06-f8bc-420e-ba58-0a2d5916e600" style="color:#037691" %)**__Keepalive_Script:  __**(%%)Set the keepalive_scrpt interval.
833
834 (% data-sider-select-id="31384c06-f8bc-420e-ba58-0a2d5916e600" style="color:#037691" %)**__Logread Level:  __**(%%)Change the logread level.
835
836 (% data-sider-select-id="2140bc4a-c71f-4387-845a-510c0b050940" %)
837 (% data-sider-select-id="31384c06-f8bc-420e-ba58-0a2d5916e600" style="color:#037691" %)**__Eable Internet Detect and Recover:  __**(%%)Enable/Disable the Internet Detect interface,Internet Detect is enabled by default. When there is no gateway network, it will reboot after 15 minutes.
838
839
840 === 5.6.3 System ~-~-> Backup/Restore Config ===
841
842
843 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419145717-7.png?width=890&height=240&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419145717-7.png"]]
844
845
846 === 5.6.4 System ~-~-> Remote.it ===
847
848
849 In the **System-> Remoteit** interface, users can configure the gateway to be accessed remotely via Remote.it.
850
851 the users can refer to this link to configure them: **[[Monitor & Remote Access Gateway>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Monitor%20%26%20Remote%20Access%20Gateway/?Remote%20Access#H2.1A0RemoteAccessviaRemote.it.]]**
852
853 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419150201-8.png?width=882&height=535&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419150201-8.png"]]
854
855
856 === (% data-sider-select-id="730a4b6f-6adf-4db6-bccf-f911bfed1354" %)5.6.5 System ~-~-> Remote Mgnt & Auto Provision(%%) ===
857
858
859 Auto Provision is the feature for batch configure and remote management. It can be used in below two cases:
860
861
862 [[image:1652429518191-846.png||height="332" width="733"]]
863
864 [[image:1652429527544-247.png||height="327" width="724"]]
865
866 [[image:image-20220916111123-1.png||height="345" width="729"]]
867
868
869 Please see this document for detail:
870
871 (((
872 [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Application_Note/&file=Auto-update-feature.pdf]]
873 )))
874
875
876 R-SSH is for remote access device and management, introduction for how to use: **[[Remote Access Gateway>>doc:Main.Monitor & Remote Access Gateway.WebHome]]**
877
878 [[image:image-20220916140017-16.png||height="619" width="911"]]
879
880
881 === (% data-sider-select-id="a2b72367-c22f-4274-9fe5-109ef8008b8e" %)5.6.6 System ~-~-> Firmware Upgrade(%%) ===
882
883
884 We keep improving the DLOS8N Linux side firmware for new features and bug fixes. Below are the links for reference.
885
886 * **Latest firmware**: [[LoRa Gateway Firmware>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/]],
887
888 ( [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/]] )
889
890
891 * **Change Log**: [[Firmware Change Log>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/ChangeLog]].
892
893 ( [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/ChangeLog>>url:http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/LG02-OLG02/Firmware/ChangeLog]] )
894
895 (% style="display:none" %) (%%)
896
897 (((
898 The file named as (% style="color:green" %)**xxxxx–xxxxx-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin **(% style="color:black" %)is the upgrade Image. There are different methods to upgrade, as below.
899 )))
900
901 (((
902 (% style="color:green" %)**Web~-~-> System~-~-> Firmware Upgrade**
903 )))
904
905 [[image:image-20220916140103-17.png||height="277" width="881"]]
906
907 Select the required image and click (% style="color:blue" %)**Flash Image.**(%%) The image will be uploaded to the device, and then click (% style="color:blue" %)**Process Update**(%%) to upgrade.
908
909
910 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%): You normally need to (% style="color:blue" %)**//uncheck//** (%%)the (% style="color:blue" %)**Preserve Settings**(%%) checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
911
912 The system will automatically boot into the new firmware after upgrade.
913
914 [[image:1657090298354-928.png]]
915
916 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE***(%%): User can also upgrade firmware via Linux console
917
918 SCP the firmware to the system(% style="color:green" %)**/var**(%%)** **directory and then run
919
920 (% style="color:#4f81bd" %)**//root@OpenWrt:~~# /sbin/sysupgrade –n /var/Your_Image//**
921
922
923 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%) : it is important to transfer the image in the /var directory, otherwise it may exceed the available flash size.
924
925
926 === (% data-sider-select-id="07bc9f06-7099-42c0-964c-149f601f3627" %)5.6.7 System ~-~-> Reboot/Reset(%%) ===
927
928
929 [[image:image-20220916140312-18.png||height="286" width="909"]]
930
931 (((
932
933 )))
934
935 === (% data-sider-select-id="2ceda713-1253-4788-9e11-0dd9d81977b3" %)5.6.8 System ~-~-> Package Maintain(%%) ===
936
937
938 [[image:image-20220916140421-19.png||height="715" width="904"]]
939
940 Place to show what package has installed and possible to upgrade packages.
941
942
943 == (% data-sider-select-id="79337028-35c7-4229-a401-04b91f009ce3" %)5.7 LogRead(%%) ==
944
945 === (% data-sider-select-id="adf0bc99-d699-4f2b-bf95-4f1c90b31e26" %)5.7.1 LogRead ~-~-> LoRa Log(%%) ===
946
947 (% style="display:none" %) (%%)
948
949 (% data-sider-select-id="b7ed19c4-acf7-4583-9e50-5cd99c4cdeae" %)
950 Show the frequency for LoRa Radio:
951
952 [[image:image-20220916140549-20.png||height="729" width="877"]]
953
954
955
956 === (% data-sider-select-id="adf0bc99-d699-4f2b-bf95-4f1c90b31e26" %)5.7.2 LogRead ~-~-> Gateway Traffic(%%) ===
957
958
959 (% data-sider-select-id="e9787126-554a-4bb4-8f31-ab2ce0e55165" %)
960 Show the gateway traffic:
961
962 [[image:image-20240416112159-1.png||height="610" width="872"]]
963
964 === (% data-sider-select-id="36bcc849-3536-481e-9d15-e3cc66832ecd" %)5.7.3 LogRead ~-~-> System Log(%%) ===
965
966
967 Show the system log
968
969 [[image:image-20220916140732-21.png||height="710" width="872"]]
970
971
972 === (% data-sider-select-id="36bcc849-3536-481e-9d15-e3cc66832ecd" %)5.7.4 LogRead ~-~-> (%%)Record Log(% data-sider-select-id="36bcc849-3536-481e-9d15-e3cc66832ecd" %) (%%) ===
973
974
975 This interface can record gateway logs:
976
977 [[image:image-20240416112510-2.png||height="296" width="870"]]
978
979 = (% data-sider-select-id="53575777-5441-4a56-84e2-d3a229a8ece3" %)6. More features(%%) =
980
981
982 == (% data-sider-select-id="2ef025e3-4214-4b1c-bb01-ee03e1db2bc2" %)6.1 NTP Service/Time Synchronization(%%) ==
983
984 The gateway time sync service is provided by ntpd
985
986 === 1). Modify the NTP server address: ===
987
988 (% class="box" %)
989 (((
990 ~#~##Linux command
991
992 uci set system.ntp.server='0.openwrt.pool.ntp.org'  #Required
993
994 uci add_list system.ntp.server='1.openwrt.pool.ntp.org' #Optional
995
996 uci add_list system.ntp.server='2.openwrt.pool.ntp.org' #Optional
997
998 uci add_list system.ntp.server='3.openwrt.pool.ntp.org'  #Optional
999
1000 uci commit system #Required
1001 )))
1002
1003 **Note: If the NTP server is a Windows host, it may cause the time synchronization to fail, **
1004
1005
1006 == (% data-sider-select-id="68c5d9c8-0690-4e39-abae-0a921c179211" %)6.2 Packet Filtering(%%) ==
1007
1008
1009 Drop unwanted packets.
1010
1011 See: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Filter%20unwanted%20LoRaWAN%20packets/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Filter%20unwanted%20LoRaWAN%20packets/]]
1012
1013
1014 == (% data-sider-select-id="6b98cd6d-f2db-4647-ae38-aee4a3d7227b" %)6.3 Remote Access(%%) ==
1015
1016
1017 Remote Access Devices for management.
1018
1019 Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Monitor%20%26%20Remote%20Access%20Gateway/?Remote%20Access>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Monitor%20%26%20Remote%20Access%20Gateway/?Remote%20Access]]
1020
1021
1022 == (% data-sider-select-id="8084465c-aa6f-4536-b97d-383cd952e46c" %)6.4 How to decode ABP LoRaWAN node(%%) ==
1023
1024
1025 Decode ABP:
1026
1027 [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Communicate%20with%20ABP%20End%20Node%20without%20LoRaWAN%20Network%20Server%20~~-~~--%20LG308/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Communicate%20with%20ABP%20End%20Node%20without%20LoRaWAN%20Network%20Server%20---%20LG308/]]
1028
1029
1030 == (% data-sider-select-id="a4a3d7bb-c435-47b3-a926-46788a4f9e6f" %)6.5 How to set data to MQTT broker(%%) ==
1031
1032
1033 Only support ABP LoRaWAN End Node
1034
1035 Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/MQTT%20Forward%20Instruction/>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/MQTT%20Forward%20Instruction/]]
1036
1037
1038 == (% data-sider-select-id="0074e70a-5030-4401-916c-b12bd0557d05" %)6.6 How the gateway connects to Chirpstack v3/v4 via gateway-bridge(%%) ==
1039
1040
1041 If the Chirpstack v3 Gateway-bridge is used, the corresponding gateway firmware must be used :
1042
1043 [[Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6-Bridge~~-~~-build-v5.4.1679487778-20230322-2024/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V3.14.6-Bridge--build-v5.4.1679487778-20230322-2024/]]
1044
1045 Chirpstack v3 via gateway-bridge Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv3viagateway-bridge>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv3viagateway-bridge]]
1046
1047
1048 If the Chirpstack v4 Gateway-bridge is used, the corresponding gateway firmware must be used :
1049
1050 [[Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V4~~-~~-build-v5.4.1670655072-20221210-1452/>>url:https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/LPS8/Firmware/Release/Chirpstack-gateway-bridge/Chirpstack-Bridge-V4--build-v5.4.1670655072-20221210-1452/]]
1051
1052 Chirpstack v4 via gateway-bridge Instruction: [[http:~~/~~/wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv4viagateway-bridge>>url:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/Notes%20for%20ChirpStack/#H4.A0HowthegatewayconnectstoChirpstackv4viagateway-bridge]]
1053
1054
1055 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE***(%%): Different chirpstack versions use different gateway-bridge configurations.
1056
1057 After updating the Chirpstack gateway-bridge firmware, there is no need to re-download and install the Chirpstack gateway-bridge package
1058
1059 (% data-sider-select-id="eb4b3bf2-9e33-4650-b4d6-1bc049896baa" %)
1060 == (% data-sider-select-id="e5ea7147-f618-4c9a-b8f9-e108ee76b9da" %)6.7  (% data-sider-select-id="1ae6690c-7910-44d5-999b-cd3b05be575f" %)How does the gateway connect to (% data-sider-select-id="e5ea7147-f618-4c9a-b8f9-e108ee76b9da" %)Chirpstack(% data-sider-select-id="1ae6690c-7910-44d5-999b-cd3b05be575f" %) via MQTT Forwarder(%%) ==
1061
1062
1063 (% data-sider-select-id="33f2a7a8-cb1a-4c53-bd5b-716d3cc3d74f" %)
1064 ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder is a MQTT packet forwarder for LoRa gateways. By default it forwards packets in Protobuf binary format, optionally it can be configured to use JSON encoding for debugging. In contrast to the ChirpStack Gateway Bridge, this component must always be installed on the gateway.
1065
1066
1067 (% data-sider-select-id="73a14e4a-5128-4f13-8207-7837c412ff54" %)
1068 === 6.7.1 Configure Packet Forwarder ===
1069
1070
1071 In the Dragino web-interface, you must configure the Packet Forwarder such that it forwards to localhost on port 1700.
1072
1073 (% data-sider-select-id="2972d256-3078-403f-9e33-3740a5869405" %)
1074 By default, the web-interface can be accessed by entering the following URL in your browser: (% data-sider-select-id="a9e64ab2-7a80-4174-b834-dba4904e3c85" %)**https:~/~/GATEWAY-IP-ADDRESS:8000**(%%) (replace GATEWAY-IP-ADDRESS by the actual IP address of your gateway). The default credentials are (% data-sider-select-id="16f9bbed-ffd7-4881-9cd1-33332f063857" %)**root / dragino**(%%).
1075
1076 * In the **LoRaWAN** menu, click **LoRaWAN ~-~- Semtech UDP**
1077 * Configure the following settings:
1078 ** **Service Provider:** //Custom / Private LoRaWAN//
1079 ** **Server Address:** //localhost//
1080 ** **Uplink Port:** //1700//
1081 ** **Downlink Port:** //1700//
1082 * Click **Save&Apply**
1083
1084
1085 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240518114149-2.png?width=876&height=683&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240518114149-2.png"]]
1086
1087 (% data-sider-select-id="7ada6cd9-b472-473e-b709-31db23947a9c" %)
1088 === 6.7.2 Install ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder ===
1089
1090
1091 (% data-sider-select-id="cd761ad9-41f8-4cc3-8dc8-cf25ebe79e69" %)
1092 (% data-sider-select-id="74577a45-a26e-4ab8-b56c-2ba79220e6c6" %)**SSH login**
1093
1094 (% data-sider-select-id="f4b22a8a-3b87-4cc7-b4ed-451fdd8aa9a7" %)
1095 First user must login into the gateway using SSH,user can refer to the link to access the Linux console via SSH to the gateway: **[[SSH Access for Linux console>>http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/view/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/DLOS8N/#H7.LinuxSystem||data-sider-select-id="27b6862a-68e4-4f69-a5b2-b33d8a06a09c"]]**
1096
1097
1098 (% data-sider-select-id="e9c9429f-f7c4-4eb3-b3f4-99553fe741b0" %)
1099 (% data-sider-select-id="83ee7071-3524-45ba-99b2-9f3472815cd8" %)**Download IPK**
1100
1101 Use the following commands to download the latest version of the chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder package:
1102
1103 (% class="box infomessage" data-sider-select-id="b970d0e5-64ca-47c8-8c9c-6261200a719f" %)
1104 (((
1105 cd /tmp
1106 wget https:~/~/artifacts.chirpstack.io/downloads/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder/vendor/dragino/mips_24kc/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder_4.3.0-r1_mips_24kc.ipk
1107 )))
1108
1109
1110 (% data-sider-select-id="27190188-ef2a-4d53-8b94-c4653b69b266" %)
1111 (% data-sider-select-id="3fe3ef50-33b9-4c6b-b228-7364e01382f3" %)**Install IPK**
1112
1113 Use the opkg package-manager to install the downloaded package. Example:
1114
1115 (% class="box infomessage" data-sider-select-id="86f1197c-5aaf-4a1b-a21f-09266a2805e7" %)
1116 (((
1117 opkg install chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder_4.3.0-r1_mips_24kc.ipk
1118 )))
1119
1120
1121 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240518134824-5.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20240518134824-5.png"]]
1122
1123 (% data-sider-select-id="e8065348-1a8e-45a9-bb73-171b9322d2b2" %)
1124 (% data-sider-select-id="e9401e38-e30d-4c39-94fa-927c9a40e151" %)**Configuration**
1125
1126 (% data-sider-select-id="2a70737e-070b-4a83-a474-2fef1076a006" %)
1127 To connect the ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder to your MQTT broker, you must update the ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder configuration file.
1128
1129 (% data-sider-select-id="be45c14f-1537-457e-9c9b-3fec22c024ac" %)
1130 This file is located at: (% data-sider-select-id="b010c8b8-6367-49bf-9c2e-3ee0b8a6ef0e" %)**/etc/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder.toml**
1131
1132
1133 (% data-sider-select-id="be45c14f-1537-457e-9c9b-3fec22c024ac" %)
1134 (% data-sider-select-id="fab61fd5-2c9f-4b72-9b65-457dca26cbd0" %)**ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder Setting:**
1135
1136 (% class="box" data-sider-select-id="be45c14f-1537-457e-9c9b-3fec22c024ac" %)
1137 (((
1138 topic_prefix  ~-~->  This corresponds to the frequency of the ChirpStack server
1139
1140 server  ~-~->  Fill in the ChirpStack server address, Example: tcp:~/~/10.130.2.15:1883
1141 )))
1142
1143 (% data-sider-select-id="be45c14f-1537-457e-9c9b-3fec22c024ac" %)
1144 username,password,ca_cert,tls_cert,tls_key parameters should be set as required.
1145
1146
1147 Use commands to modify configuration files:
1148
1149 (% class="box infomessage" data-sider-select-id="b84cf72d-69e4-441c-a8fb-bd21a500d223" %)
1150 (((
1151 vim /etc/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder.toml
1152 )))
1153
1154
1155 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240518141059-6.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20240518141059-6.png"]]
1156
1157 (% data-sider-select-id="3312b6d5-334c-43ae-8cd9-2f73989940e2" %)
1158 (% data-sider-select-id="2b334f7c-35d3-4771-8b17-5760685430ac" %)**(Re)start and stop commands**
1159
1160 (% data-sider-select-id="b8175b05-70b1-4251-97a1-8c0b2644e4d4" %)
1161 Use the following commands to (re)start and stop the ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder service:
1162
1163 (% class="box infomessage" data-sider-select-id="fc0e9684-3620-4f52-8045-9f6b7dd083e3" %)
1164 (((
1165 # start
1166
1167 (% data-sider-select-id="5a644c5c-1ca5-4680-877e-c6aecd21f9de" %)
1168 /etc/init.d/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder start
1169
1170 # stop
1171
1172 /etc/init.d/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder stop
1173
1174 # restart
1175
1176 /etc/init.d/chirpstack-mqtt-forwarder restart
1177 )))
1178
1179 (% data-sider-select-id="bd72b54d-7316-46eb-8f1e-008a17aa6e9e" %)
1180 (% data-sider-select-id="fcef88f4-ef44-4459-9154-6cd154c5b298" %)**Check result**
1181
1182 (% data-sider-select-id="bd72b54d-7316-46eb-8f1e-008a17aa6e9e" %)
1183 Use "(% data-sider-select-id="494c67e8-3e62-45ee-8464-e2bb33057003" %)** **(%%)​​​​​(% data-sider-select-id="494c67e8-3e62-45ee-8464-e2bb33057003" style="background-color:yellow" %)**logread -f **(%%)" to check the operation of ChirpStack MQTT Forwarder.[[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240518142300-7.png?rev=1.1||alt="image-20240518142300-7.png"]]
1184
1185
1186 (% data-sider-select-id="a4ab5ddc-dbfe-4c41-ac6e-6159b517d02f" %)
1187 Go back to the Chirpstack server to check whether the gateway is (% data-sider-select-id="0689bd86-c7a8-4831-b064-d1c4ed6241e5" %)**"online"**(%%) and whether the packets are displayed normally.
1188
1189
1190 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240518143050-8.png?width=1170&height=702&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240518143050-8.png"]]
1191
1192
1193 == (% data-sider-select-id="c6cadb28-a27e-4499-92bb-189a644b8fda" %)6.8  How to extend the gateway size of memory with USB device (SD/TF card, USB flash drive).(%%) ==
1194
1195
1196 USB card reader plugged into the USB port of the gateway.
1197
1198 Access the gateway Linux Command Line.
1199
1200
1201 Check the USB device
1202
1203 [[image:image-20230425165308-2.png]]
1204
1205
1206 **Mount the USB device**
1207
1208 (% class="box infomessage" %)
1209 (((
1210 mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/
1211 )))
1212
1213 [[image:image-20230425174131-4.png]]
1214
1215
1216
1217 **Set up the automatic mount on boot**
1218
1219
1220 (% class="box infomessage" %)
1221 (((
1222 **sed -i '3cmount \/dev\/sda1 \/mnt\/' /etc/rc.local **
1223 )))
1224
1225 [[image:image-20230425173831-3.png||height="105" width="833"]]
1226
1227
1228 == (% data-sider-select-id="2f4b3d14-0080-4223-bc52-d74facde85a6" %)6.9  How to view DLOS8N GPS information(%%) ==
1229
1230
1231 By default, when the DLOS8N GPS positioning is complete, it will be displayed in the state package on the **LogRead ~-~-> System Log**  interface.
1232
1233 [[image:image-20230508134051-1.png||height="696" width="922"]]
1234
1235
1236 When the gateway is registered with the TTN server, the GPS information is also displayed in the TTN log.
1237
1238 [[image:image-20230508134603-2.png||height="435" width="927"]]
1239
1240
1241 == (% data-sider-select-id="9c733551-ff43-41d9-9c06-2a6157a6b46f" %)6.10  More instructions(%%) ==
1242
1243
1244 [[LoRaWAN Gateway Instruction>>doc:Main.WebHome]](LoRaWAN Gateway)
1245
1246
1247 = 7. Linux System =
1248
1249
1250 The DLOS8N is based on the OpenWrt Linux system. It is open source, and users are free to configure and modify the Linux settings.
1251
1252
1253 == 7.1 SSH Access for Linux console ==
1254
1255
1256 User can access the Linux console via the SSH protocol. Make sure your PC and the DLOS8N are connected to the same network, then use a SSH tool (such as [[putty>>url:http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~~sgtatham/putty/download.html]] in Windows) to access it.
1257
1258 **IP address:  ** IP address of DLOS8N
1259
1260 **Port:  ** 22 (via WiFi AP mode) or 2222 (via WAN Interface)
1261
1262 **User Name: ** (% style="color:green" %)**root**
1263
1264 **Password:**         (% style="color:green" %)**dragino** (% style="color:black" %)(default)
1265
1266 After logging in, you will be in the Linux console and can enter commands as shown below.
1267
1268 [[image:1652431588565-830.png]]
1269
1270 The “(% class="mark" %)**logread -f**(%%)” command can be used to debug how system runs.
1271
1272
1273 [[image:1657090508015-884.png]]
1274
1275
1276 == 7.2 Edit and Transfer files ==
1277
1278
1279 (((
1280 The DLOS8N supports the (% style="color:green" %)**SCP protocol** (% style="color:black" %)and has a built-in (% style="color:green" %)**SFTP server**. (% style="color:black" %)There are many ways to edit and transfer files using these protocols.
1281 )))
1282
1283 (((
1284 In Windows, one of the easiest methods is using the [[WinSCP>>url:https://winscp.net/eng/index.php]] utility.
1285 )))
1286
1287 (((
1288 After establishing access via WinSCP to the device, you can use an FTP style window to drag / drop files to the DLOS8N, or edit the files directly in the windows.
1289
1290
1291 )))
1292
1293 (((
1294 Screenshot is as below:
1295 )))
1296
1297 [[image:1652431650755-450.png]]
1298
1299
1300 == 7.3 File System ==
1301
1302
1303 (((
1304 The DLOS8N has a 16MB flash and a 64MB RAM. The /var and /tmp directories are in the RAM, so contents stored in /tmp and /var will be erased after rebooting the device. Other directories are in the flash and will remain after reboot.
1305 )))
1306
1307 (((
1308 The Linux system uses around 8MB ~~10MB flash size which means there is not much room for user to store data in the DLOS8N flash.
1309 )))
1310
1311 (((
1312 You can use an external USB flash memory device to extend the size of flash memory for storage.
1313 )))
1314
1315
1316 == 7.4 Package maintenance system ==
1317
1318
1319 (((
1320 DLOS8N uses the OpenWrt [[**OPKG package maintenance system**>>https://oldwiki.archive.openwrt.org/doc/techref/opkg]]. There are more than 3000+ packages available in our package server for users to install for their applications. For example, if you want to add the **//iperf //** tool, you can install the related packages and configure DLOS8N to use **//iperf //**.
1321 )))
1322
1323 (((
1324 Below are some example **//opkg //** commands. For more information please refer to the [[OPKG package maintain system>>https://oldwiki.archive.openwrt.org/doc/techref/opkg]]** **([[https:~~/~~/oldwiki.archive.openwrt.org/doc/techref/opkg>>https://oldwiki.archive.openwrt.org/doc/techref/opkg]])
1325 )))
1326
1327 (((
1328 **In Linux Console run:**
1329 )))
1330
1331 (((
1332 (% style="color:green" %)**root@dragino-169d30:~~# opkg update**           (% style="color:black" %)~/~/ to get the latest packages list
1333 )))
1334
1335 (((
1336 (% style="color:green" %)**root@dragino-169d30:~~# opkg list**    (% style="color:black" %) ~/~/ shows the available packages
1337 )))
1338
1339 (((
1340 (% style="color:green" %)**root@dragino-169d30:~~# opkg install iperf ** (% style="color:black" %)~/~/ install iperf
1341 )))
1342
1343 The system will automatically install the required packages as shown below.
1344
1345
1346 (((
1347 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//root@dragino-169d30:/etc/opkg# opkg install iperf//
1348 )))
1349
1350 (((
1351 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Installing iperf (2.0.12-1) to root…//
1352 )))
1353
1354 (((
1355 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Downloading //[[(% style="background-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); background-color: rgb(220, 220, 220)" %)//http:~~/~~/downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/packages/mips_24kc/base/iperf_2.0.12-1_mips_24kc.ipk//>>url:http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/packages/mips_24kc/base/iperf_2.0.12-1_mips_24kc.ipk]]
1356 )))
1357
1358 (((
1359 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Installing uclibcxx (0.2.4-3) to root…//
1360 )))
1361
1362 (((
1363 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Downloading //[[(% style="background-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); background-color: rgb(220, 220, 220)" %)//http:~~/~~/downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/packages/mips_24kc/base/uclibcxx_0.2.4-3_mips_24kc.ipk//>>url:http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/packages/mips_24kc/base/uclibcxx_0.2.4-3_mips_24kc.ipk]]
1364 )))
1365
1366 (((
1367 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Configuring uclibcxx.//
1368 )))
1369
1370 (((
1371 (% style="background-color:#dcdcdc" %)//Configuring iperf.//
1372
1373
1374 )))
1375
1376 = 8. Upgrade Linux Firmware =
1377
1378
1379 We keep improving the DLOS8N Linux side firmware for new features and bug fixes. Below are the links for reference.
1380
1381 * **Latest firmware**: [[LoRa Gateway Firmware>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/DLOS8/Firmware/Release/]],
1382
1383 ( [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/DLSO8N/Firmware>>https://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.php?dir=LoRa_Gateway/DLOS8/Firmware/Release/]])
1384
1385 * **Change Log**: [[Firmware Change Log>>http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/DLSO8/Firmware/ChangeLog]].
1386
1387 ( [[http:~~/~~/www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/DLOS8N/Firmware/ChangeLog>>http://www.dragino.com/downloads/downloads/LoRa_Gateway/DLOS8/Firmware/ChangeLog]] )
1388
1389
1390 (((
1391 The file named as (% style="color:green" %)** xxxxx–xxxxx-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin **(%%)is the upgrade Image. There are different methods to upgrade, as below.
1392 )))
1393
1394
1395 == 8.1 Upgrade via Web UI ==
1396
1397
1398 (((
1399 Go to the page: (% style="color:green" %)**Web ~-~-> System ~-~-> Firmware Upgrade**
1400 )))
1401
1402 (((
1403 Select the required image and click (% style="color:red" %)**Flash Image.**(%%) The image will be uploaded to the device, and then click (% style="color:red" %)**Process Update**(%%) to upgrade.
1404 )))
1405
1406
1407 (((
1408 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%): You normally need to (% style="color:blue" %)**//uncheck//**(%%) the (% style="color:blue" %)//**Preserve Settings**//(%%) checkbox when doing an upgrade to ensure that there is no conflict between the old settings and the new firmware. The new firmware will start up with its default settings.
1409 )))
1410
1411
1412 (((
1413 The system will automatically boot into the new firmware after upgrade.
1414
1415
1416 )))
1417
1418 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/1657158986600-386.png?rev=1.1||alt="1657158986600-386.png"]]
1419
1420
1421 == 8.2 Upgrade via Linux console ==
1422
1423
1424 (((
1425 SCP the firmware to the system** (% style="color:green" %)/var(%%)** directory and then run
1426 )))
1427
1428 (((
1429 (% style="color:#4472c4" %)** //root@OpenWrt:~~# /sbin/sysupgrade –n /var/Your_Image//**
1430 )))
1431
1432
1433 (((
1434 (% style="color:red" %)**NOTE**(%%): it is important to transfer the image in the /var directory, otherwise it may exceed the available flash size.
1435 )))
1436
1437
1438 = 9. OTA System Update =
1439
1440
1441 DLOS8N supports system auto update via OTA, please see **[[this URL>>doc:OTA Update.WebHome]]** for the detail of this feature.
1442
1443
1444 = 10. FAQ =
1445
1446 == 10.1 How can I configure for a customized frequency band? ==
1447
1448
1449 (((
1450 See below link for how to customize frequency band: **[[How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band>>doc:Main.How to customized LoRaWAN frequency band.WebHome]]**
1451 )))
1452
1453 (((
1454
1455 )))
1456
1457 == 10.2 Can I connect DLOS8N to LORIOT? ==
1458
1459
1460 (((
1461 Yes, the set up instruction is here: **[[Notes for LORIOT>>doc:Main.Notes for LORIOT.WebHome]]**
1462 )))
1463
1464
1465 == 10.3 Can I make my own firmware for the gateway, where can I find the source code? ==
1466
1467
1468 (((
1469 Yes, You can make your own firmware for the DLOS8N for branding purposes or to add customized applications.
1470 )))
1471
1472 (((
1473 The source code and compile instructions can be found at: [[https:~~/~~/github.com/dragino/openwrt_lede-18.06>>url:https://github.com/dragino/openwrt_lede-18.06]]
1474 )))
1475
1476
1477 == 10.4 Can I use 868Mhz version for 915Mhz bands? ==
1478
1479
1480 It is possible but the distance will be very short, you can select US915 frequency band in 868Mhz version hardware. It will work but you will see the performance is greatly decreased because the 868Mhz version has an RF filter for band 863~~870Mhz, all other frequencies will have high attenuation.
1481
1482
1483 = 11. Trouble Shooting =
1484
1485 == 11.1 I get kernel error when install new package, how to fix? ==
1486
1487
1488 In some cases, when installing a package with **//opkg//**, it will generate a kernel error such as below due to a mismatch I the kernel ID:
1489
1490 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)root@dragino-16c538:~~# opkg install kmod-dragino2-si3217x_3.10.49+0.2-1_ar71xx.ipk
1491
1492 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)Installing kmod-dragino2-si3217x (3.10.49+0.2-1) to root…
1493
1494 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)Collected errors:
1495
1496 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)* satisfy_dependencies_for: Cannot satisfy the following dependencies for kmod-dragino2-si3217x:
1497
1498 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)*      kernel (= 3.10.49-1-4917516478a753314254643facdf360a) *
1499
1500 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)* opkg_install_cmd: Cannot install package kmod-dragino2-si3217x.
1501
1502 (((
1503 In this case, you can use the –force-depends option to install such package as long as the actual kernel version is the same.
1504 )))
1505
1506 (% style="background-color:yellow" %)Opkg install kmod-dragino2-si3217x_3.10.49+0.2-1_ar71xx.ipk –force-depends
1507
1508
1509 == 11.2 How to recover the DLOS8N if the firmware crashes ==
1510
1511
1512 (((
1513 Please follow this instruction to recover your gateway:  **[[Recover Gateway>>doc:Main.How to Recover Gateway if can't access it.WebHome]]**
1514 )))
1515
1516 (((
1517
1518 )))
1519
1520 == 11.3 I configured DLOS8N for WiFi access and lost its IP. What to do now? ==
1521
1522
1523 [[image:1657090540821-317.png]]
1524
1525
1526 (((
1527 The DLOS8N has a fall-back IP address on its WAN port. This IP is always enabled so you can use the fall-back IP to access DLOS8N no matter what the WiFi IP is. The fall back IP is useful for connecting and debug the unit.
1528
1529
1530 )))
1531
1532 (((
1533 (% style="color:red" %)**Note: fallback IP can be disabled in the WAN and DHCP page.**
1534 )))
1535
1536
1537 (((
1538 (% style="color:blue" %)**Steps to connect via fall back IP:**
1539 )))
1540
1541 (((
1542 ~1. Connect PC's Ethernet port to DLOS8N's WAN port
1543 )))
1544
1545 (((
1546 2. Configure PC's Ethernet port has IP: 172.31.255.253 and Netmask: 255.255.255.252
1547 )))
1548
1549 (((
1550
1551
1552 As below photo:
1553 )))
1554
1555 [[image:1652435256286-879.png]]
1556
1557
1558 3. In the PC, use IP address 172.31.255.254 to access the DLOS8N via Web or Console.
1559
1560
1561 Please note the latest firmware uses port 8000 for http and 2222 for ssh access.
1562
1563
1564 (% data-sider-select-id="f9e9779e-261d-4a53-9ba6-a4d1c45cec19" %)
1565 == 11.4  Why does the gateway reboot every 15 minutes without Internet? ==
1566
1567 (% data-sider-select-id="77a3f493-29a0-4e57-a8ac-cd19e74d463d" %)
1568 Check whether Internet Detect is enabled on the (% data-sider-select-id="98a5126a-698d-4dc1-af3b-b62ed09b2db0" %)**System~-~->General**(%%) interface.
1569
1570 Internet Detect is enabled by default. When there is no gateway network, it will reboot after 15 minutes.
1571
1572 [[image:http://wiki.dragino.com/xwiki/bin/download/Main/User%20Manual%20for%20All%20Gateway%20models/LPS8N%20-%20LoRaWAN%20Gateway%20User%20Manual/WebHome/image-20240419145139-6.png?width=856&height=639&rev=1.1||alt="image-20240419145139-6.png"]]
1573
1574
1575 = 12. Order Info =
1576
1577
1578 **PART: (% style="color:blue" %)DLOS8N-XXX-YYY(%%)**
1579
1580 (% style="color:blue" %)**XXX:**(%%)** Frequency Band**
1581
1582 * (% style="color:red" %)** 868**(%%) : valid frequency: 863Mhz ~~ 870Mhz. for bands EU868, RU864, IN865 or KZ865.
1583 * (% style="color:red" %)** 915**(%%):  valid frequency: 902Mhz ~~ 928Mhz. for bands US915, AU915, AS923 or KR920
1584
1585 (% style="color:blue" %)**YYY:**(%%)** 4G Cellular Option**
1586
1587 * (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-E**(% style="color:black" %):  EMEA, Korea, Thailand, India.
1588 * (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-AFX**(% style="color:black" %): America:Verizon, AT&T(FirstNet), U.S.Cellular; Canada:Telus
1589 * (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-AUX**(% style="color:black" %): Latin America, New Zeland, Taiwan
1590 * (% style="color:red" %)**EC25-J**(% style="color:black" %):  Japan, DOCOMO, SoftBank, KDDI
1591
1592 More info about valid bands, please see [[EC25-E product page>>url:https://www.quectel.com/product/ec25.htm]].
1593
1594
1595 = 13. Packing Info =
1596
1597
1598 (((
1599 **Package Includes**:
1600 )))
1601
1602 * DLOS8N LoRaWAN Gateway x 1
1603 * Stick Antenna for LoRa RF part. Frequency is one of 470 or 868 or 915Mhz depends the model ordered
1604 * Packaging with environmental protection paper box
1605
1606 (((
1607 **Dimension and weight**:
1608 )))
1609
1610 * Device Size: 26 x 9 x 8.5 cm
1611 * Weight: 450g
1612 * Package Size: 49 x 19.5 x 12 cm
1613 * Weight: 2.5kg
1614
1615 (% style="display:none" %) (%%)
1616
1617
1618 = 14. Support =
1619
1620
1621 * Try to see if your questions already answered in the [[wiki>>doc:Main.WebHome]].
1622 * Support is provided Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 18:00 GMT+8.
1623 Due to different timezones we cannot offer live support. However, your questions will be answered as soon as possible in the before mentioned schedule.
1624 * Provide as much information as possible regarding your enquiry (product models, accurately describe your problem and steps to replicate it etc) and send a mail to:  [[support@dragino.com>>url:file:///C:/Users/11315/Documents/D:/Projects/LoRa%20Product%20Line/LG308%20Picocell%20Gateway/LG308/LG308%20%25E8%25AF%25B4%25E6%2598%258E%25E4%25B9%25A6/support@dragino.com]]
1625
1626
1627 )))

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